[411] Stalin aided the Chinese as the KMT and the Communists had suspended their civil war and formed the desired United Front. As the majority of excess deaths under Stalin were not direct killings, the exact number of victims of Stalinism is difficult to calculate due to lack of consensus among scholars on which deaths can be attributed to the regime. [529] Stalin insisted that, after the war, the Soviet Union should incorporate the portions of Poland it occupied pursuant to the MolotovRibbentrop Pact with Germany, which Churchill opposed. [893] During Stalin's lifetime, his approved biographies were largely hagiographic in content. [925] A 2013 survey by Tbilisi State University found 45% of Georgians expressing "a positive attitude" to him. [571] Post-war Soviet society was more tolerant than its pre-war phase in various respects. [261] The USSR's formation was ratified in December 1922; although officially a federal system, all major decisions were taken by the governing Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in Moscow. [151][152], In Kureika, Stalin lived among the indigenous Tunguses and Ostyak peoples,[153] and spent much of his time fishing. [410] With the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in July 1937, the Soviet Union and China signed a non-aggression pact the following August. [928] The same year, a survey by the Center showed that Joseph Stalin was named by 39% of Russians as the "most outstanding national figure of all time" and, while nobody received an absolute majority, Stalin was very clearly in first place, followed by another Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin with 30% and Russian poet Alexander Pushkin with 23%. [603], After the war, Stalin sought to retain Soviet dominance across Eastern Europe while expanding its influence in Asia. [493] Stalin issued Order No. [796] Like all Bolshevik leaders, Stalin believed that reading could help transform not just people's ideas and consciousness, but human nature itself. [248] There was also internal turmoil in the Communist Party, as Trotsky led a faction calling for abolition of trade unions; Lenin opposed this, and Stalin helped rally opposition to Trotsky's position. [355] Priests, imams, and Buddhist monks faced persecution. [189], Because of the ongoing First World War, in which Russia was fighting the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary, Lenin's government relocated from Petrograd to Moscow in March 1918. 3.1) features a quotation from Vyacheslav Molotov on the Stalin symbol: 'We have a name that has become the symbol of the victory of socialism. Lenin's Testament, 4 January 1923;[253] this was possibly composed by Krupskaya rather than Lenin himself. [154], While Stalin was in exile, Russia entered the First World War, and in October 1916 Stalin and other exiled Bolsheviks were conscripted into the Russian Army, leaving for Monastyrskoe. )[38] He also read Das Kapital, the 1867 book by German sociological theorist Karl Marx. [519] When Stalin learned that people in Western countries affectionately called him "Uncle Joe" he was initially offended, regarding it as undignified. [295] The factionalist arguments continued, with Stalin threatening to resign in October and then December 1926 and again in December 1927. [715] Ultimately he believed that all nations would merge into a single, global human community,[715] and regarded all nations as inherently equal. [235] Trotsky claimed that Stalin sabotaged the campaign by disobeying troop transfer orders. [760] In 1934, his new Kuntsevo Dacha was built; 9km from the Kremlin, it became his primary residence. He argued that Jewish nationalism, particularly Zionism, was hostile to socialism. [3] He was born on 18 December[O.S. [569] The NKVD recorded that between 26 and 27 million Soviet citizens had been killed, with millions more being wounded, malnourished, or orphaned. [724] He remained proud of his Georgian identity,[725] and throughout his life retained a heavy Georgian accent when speaking Russian. [228] The Red Army retook Kiev on 10 June and soon forced the Polish troops back into Poland. [29] He continued writing poetry; five of his poems, on themes such as nature, land and patriotism, were published under the pseudonym of "Soselo" in Ilia Chavchavadze's newspaper Iveria (Georgia). In 1922, Stalin was appointed to another such post, as General Secretary of the Communist Party's Central Committee. [766] According to historian Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin wasn't a psychopath. Stalin, appealing both to socialist revolutionary fervour and to Russian nationalism, launched in the . Advertisement. [528] Stalin was impatient for the UK and U.S. to open up a Western Front to take the pressure off of the East; they eventually did so in mid-1944. [796] Other historians linked his brutality not to any personality trait, but to his unwavering commitment to the survival of the Soviet Union and the international MarxistLeninist cause. [206] At the same time, he disregarded orders and repeatedly threatened to resign when affronted. [314] At this point, Stalin turned against the NEP, which put him on a course to the "left" even of Trotsky or Zinoviev. [687], As a Marxist and an anti-capitalist, Stalin believed in an inevitable "class war" between the world's proletariat and bourgeoisie. [774] Several historians have seen it as appropriate to follow Lazar Kaganovich's description of there being "several Stalins" as a means of understanding his multi-faceted personality. "[887] Service stated that Stalin "had come closer to personal despotism than almost any monarch in history" by the late 1930s. [345] To promote intensification of labour, a series of medals and awards as well as the Stakhanovite movement were introduced. [8] He was their only child to survive past infancy. [413] This mixed approach began to change in December 1934, after prominent party member Sergey Kirov was murdered. [559] At a banquet held for army commanders, he described the Russian people as "the outstanding nation" and "leading force" within the Soviet Union, the first time that he had unequivocally endorsed the Russians over other Soviet nationalities. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin[g] (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili;[d] 18 December[O.S. [169] Lenin began calling for the Bolsheviks to seize power by toppling the Provisional Government in a coup d'tat. [627] Stalin wanted to avoid direct Soviet conflict with the U.S., convincing the Chinese to aid the North. [639] He took increasingly long holidays; in 1950 and again in 1951 he spent almost five months on holiday at his Abkhazian dacha. [306], In 1926, Stalin published On Questions of Leninism. [499] They achieved high levels of industrial productivity, outstripping that of Germany. [534] As the Red Army reconquered the Caucasus and Crimea, various ethnic groups living in the regionthe Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingushi, Karachai, Balkars, and Crimean Tatarswere accused of having collaborated with the Germans. (The Granat compilation lists 91 . [327] By 1932, about 62% of households involved in agriculture were part of collectives, and by 1936 this had risen to 90%. In 1921 Stalin helped plan the invasion of Georgia which was the source for his negative policies towards the country. "[842] Stalin married twice and had several children. But general secretary is the actually important position. [177] According to the historian Oleg Khlevniuk, Stalin "filled an important role [in the October Revolution] as a senior Bolshevik, member of the party's Central Committee, and editor of its main newspaper";[178] the historian Stephen Kotkin similarly noted that Stalin had been "in the thick of events" in the build-up to the coup. 2.9). Even in the Soviet Union, Stalin's predecessor, Vladimir . [321] By July 1930, over 320,000 households had been affected by the de-kulakisation policy. [458] In August 1939, the Soviet Union signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact with Germany, a non-aggression pact negotiated by Molotov and German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. 6 December]1878[4][h] and baptised on 29 December. [298] Some of those United Opposition members who were repentant were later rehabilitated and returned to government. [380] The second five-year plan had its production quotas reduced from that of the first, with the main emphasis now being on improving living conditions. [227] On 26 May, Stalin was moved to Ukraine, on the Southwest Front. [383] The worst affected areas were Ukraine and the North Caucasus, although the famine also affected Kazakhstan and several Russian provinces. [282] Stalin saw Trotsky whom he personally despised[283] as the main obstacle to his dominance within the party. December 26, 1922 The increase in the number of C.C. Copy. Title: "Russian Revolution timeline: . [17] In September 1888, Stalin enrolled at the Orthodox Gori Church School,[18] a place secured by Charkviani. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag", "Reactions of Chinese Citizens to the Death of Stalin: Internal Communist Party Reports", "Stalin, the Pact with Nazi Germany, and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography", "The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 193045", "Controversy in Moscow: Stalin icon revered", "The Stalin Puzzle: Deciphering Post-Soviet Public Opinion", "Georgia Divided Over Stalin 'Local Hero' Status in Gori", "Russians name Stalin as the most 'outstanding' figure of all times", "Stalin as a Neo-Pagan Deity in Contemporary Russia", "Moscow's Memory Wars: Putin seeks to whitewash Russia's Stalinist past", "Josef Stalin: communist, murderer - saint? [688] He believed that the working classes would prove successful in this struggle and would establish a dictatorship of the proletariat,[689] regarding the Soviet Union as an example of such a state. [643] That same month, a much publicised trial of accused Jewish industrial wreckers took place in Ukraine. [746] He had few material demands and lived plainly, with simple and inexpensive clothing and furniture;[747] his interest was in power rather than wealth. [95] After returning to Tiflis, Stalin organised the robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank in June 1907. 280 Stalin appears with Molotov under a banner with Lenin's head, 281 and with . [123], In May 1912, he was arrested again and imprisoned in the Shpalerhy Prison, before being sentenced to three years exile in Siberia. [933] A 2017 Pew Research survey had 57% of Georgians saying he played a positive role in history, compared to 18% of those expressing the same for Mikhail Gorbachev. after lenin died in 1924, he eventually outmaneuvered his rivals and won the power struggle for control of the communist party. [893], Leninists remain divided in their views on Stalin; some view him as Lenin's authentic successor, while others believe he betrayed Lenin's ideas by deviating from them. In 1929, his son Yakov unsuccessfully attempted suicide; his failure earned Stalin's contempt. He held power as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (19221952) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (19411953). He was captured by the German Army and then committed suicide. [453] Between 1940 and 1941 he also purged the military, leaving it with a severe shortage of trained officers when war broke out. [577] He demoted Molotov,[578] and increasingly favoured Beria and Malenkov for key positions. [929][930] At the same time, there was a growth in pro-Stalinist literature in Russia, much relying upon the misrepresentation or fabrication of source material. [721] In private he often used coarse language and profanity, although avoided doing so in public. In later years he expressed pride in his humble origins and often . [600], In 1948, Stalin edited and rewrote sections of Falsifiers of History, published as a series of Pravda articles in February 1948 and then in book form. : an American History (Eric Foner) Psychology (David G. Myers; C. Nathan DeWall) . [923], Amid the social and economic turmoil of the post-Soviet period, many Russians viewed Stalin as having overseen an era of order, predictability, and pride. [502] The government increasingly promoted Pan-Slavist sentiment,[503] while encouraging increased criticism of cosmopolitanism, particularly the idea of "rootless cosmopolitanism", an approach with particular repercussions for Soviet Jews. Germany ended the pact by invading the Soviet Union in 1941, after which Stalin joined the Allies of World War II as one of the Big Three. [463] The two states continued trading, undermining the British blockade of Germany. [885] Dmitri Volkogonov characterised him as "one of the most powerful figures in human history. [761] In 1935, he began using a new dacha provided for him by Lakoba at Novy Afon;[762] in 1936, he had the Kholodnaya Rechka dacha built on the Abkhazian coast, designed by Miron Merzhanov. The real motivation for the terror, according to Harris, was an excessive fear of counterrevolution. [612] It was aimed at establishing economic autarky within the Eastern Bloc. [230] Stalin lost the argument, after which he accepted Lenin's decision and supported it. [ 603 ], after the war, Stalin was moved to Ukraine, the! The country [ 577 ] he also read Das Kapital, the 1867 by. Aided the Chinese as the KMT and the Communists had suspended their civil war and formed the desired Front! On Questions of Leninism coup d'tat possibly composed by Krupskaya rather than Lenin himself pre-war phase in respects... 1924, he disregarded orders and repeatedly threatened to resign in October and committed... 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